Is Canadian PR better than US H1B?

The answer to whether the US H1B or Canada PR is better depends on your individual circumstances, career goals, and personal preferences. Here are some factors to consider:

1. Job opportunities: The US has a larger economy with more job opportunities in certain industries. However, getting an H1B visa can be highly competitive, and the application process can be challenging. Canada also has a strong job market and a growing tech industry, which may be attractive to some.
2. Permanent residency: H1B visas are temporary, while Canada PR allows you to stay and work in Canada permanently. If your goal is to eventually settle in North America, Canadian PR may be a better option for you.
3. Immigration policies: US immigration policies have become stricter in recent years, and the current political climate may make it more difficult to obtain an H1B visa. Canada, on the other hand, has a more open immigration policy and actively encourages skilled immigrants to apply for PR.
4. Cost of living: The cost of living in the US can be high, especially in cities like New York and San Francisco. Canada has a lower cost of living in comparison.
5. Quality of life: Both the US and Canada offer a high quality of life, but the specific lifestyle you are looking for may vary depending on your preferences.

Overall, both the US H1B and Canada PR have their advantages and disadvantages. You should carefully consider your personal goals and circumstances before making a decision.

An H1B visa is a non-immigrant visa that allows US employers to hire foreign workers in specialty occupations that require specialized knowledge and a bachelor’s degree or higher in a specific field. The H1B visa is commonly used by companies in the United States to hire foreign workers in fields such as IT, engineering, finance, accounting, and science.

To obtain an H1B visa, the employer must first file a petition with the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) on behalf of the foreign worker. The petition must include evidence that the position requires specialized knowledge and that the foreign worker has the required qualifications.

If the petition is approved, the foreign worker can then apply for an H1B visa at a US embassy or consulate in their home country. The visa allows the worker to stay in the United States for up to three years, with the option to extend the visa for up to a total of six years.

H1B visa holders can also bring their spouses and unmarried children under the age of 21 to the US on H4 visas, but they are not eligible to work unless they obtain their own work visas.

A Canadian Permanent Resident (PR) Visa is a document that allows a foreign national to live and work in Canada permanently. This visa is issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) to individuals who meet the eligibility criteria for immigration to Canada as permanent residents.

To be eligible for a Canadian PR Visa, individuals must meet the minimum eligibility requirements, which include having a certain level of education, work experience, language proficiency, and meeting health and character requirements. There are several programs under which an individual can apply for Canadian PR Visa, such as the Federal Skilled Worker Program, Federal Skilled Trades Program, Canadian Experience Class, and Provincial Nominee Programs.

The PR Visa allows individuals to enjoy most of the same rights and benefits as Canadian citizens, including access to healthcare, education, and social services. PR Visa holders are also allowed to live, work, and study anywhere in Canada and can apply for Canadian citizenship after a certain period of time.

There are certain conditions that must be met to maintain permanent residency, such as physically residing in Canada for a certain period of time and meeting the residency obligations. The PR Visa can be revoked if the holder does not meet these conditions.

US H1B Visa:

• The applicant must have a job offer from a US employer.
• The job offer must be for a specialty occupation that requires a bachelor’s degree or higher.
• The applicant must have a bachelor’s degree or higher in the field related to the specialty occupation.
• The employer must file a Labor Condition Application (LCA) with the US Department of Labor.
• The employer must pay the prevailing wage for the position.
• The applicant must not have any criminal convictions or immigration violations.

Canadian PR Visa:

• The applicant must meet the eligibility criteria for one of the immigration programs, such as the Federal Skilled Worker Program, Federal Skilled Trades Program, or Canadian Experience Class.
• The eligibility criteria include factors such as age, education, language proficiency, work experience, and adaptability.
• The applicant must score a certain number of points on the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) based on the above factors.
• The applicant must provide police clearance certificates and undergo a medical examination to demonstrate good health and character.

It’s important to note that the eligibility criteria for each program can vary and may be subject to change over time. It’s best to check with the relevant immigration authorities or consult with an immigration lawyer to determine your eligibility for a specific visa program.

The scope of obtaining citizenship is different for the US H1B visa and Canadian PR visa.

US H1B Visa: The H1B visa is a temporary work visa that does not provide a direct pathway to citizenship. However, H1B visa holders may be eligible to apply for permanent residency (green card) through their employer, family sponsorship, or other means. Once an individual has obtained a green card, they may be eligible to apply for citizenship after meeting certain residency and other requirements.

Canadian PR Visa: The Canadian PR visa provides a direct pathway to citizenship. After living in Canada for a certain amount of time (usually three out of the last five years) as a permanent resident, an individual may be eligible to apply for Canadian citizenship. The eligibility requirements for Canadian citizenship include language proficiency, knowledge of Canadian history and government, and meeting certain residency requirements.

It’s important to note that the citizenship process can take several years and may involve meeting additional requirements beyond those mentioned above. It’s best to check with the relevant immigration authorities or consult with an immigration lawyer for specific information on obtaining citizenship.

Job security can be different for US H1B visa holders and Canadian PR visa holders.

US H1B Visa: H1B visa holders are tied to their sponsoring employer, and their ability to remain in the US is dependent on their employment with that employer. If the H1B visa holder loses their job, they may be required to leave the US or find another employer willing to sponsor their visa. However, some H1B visa holders may be eligible to apply for a change of status to a different visa category or apply for a green card through other means, which could provide more job security.

Canadian PR Visa: Canadian PR visa holders have more job security as they are not tied to a specific employer. They are free to work for any employer in Canada and change jobs as they wish. PR visa holders are also eligible for certain social benefits, such as healthcare and education, which can provide additional job security.

It’s important to note that job security can depend on a variety of factors, such as the job market, industry, and individual circumstances. It’s best to do thorough research and consult with relevant experts before making any decisions about job security.

The process of getting a US H1-B visa typically involves several steps, including:

1. Finding a US employer who is willing to sponsor your H1-B visa. The employer must provide a job offer that meets the requirements for a specialty occupation that requires a bachelor’s degree or higher.
2. The employer files a Labor Condition Application (LCA) with the US Department of Labor (DOL). This application includes details of the job offer, including the wage offered and working conditions.
3. The employer files an H1-B petition with the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) on your behalf. This petition includes documentation of the job offer, your qualifications, and other relevant details.
4. If the USCIS approves the petition, you can apply for a visa at a US consulate or embassy in your home country. You must provide supporting documentation, such as your passport, application fee, and proof of ties to your home country.
5. Once you have obtained your visa, you can travel to the US and begin working for your sponsoring employer.

It’s important to note that the H1-B visa process can be complex and time-consuming. The number of H1-B visas is also subject to an annual cap, which can make it more difficult to obtain a visa. It’s best to consult with an immigration lawyer or other relevant experts to ensure that you understand the process and are well-prepared to apply for an H1-B visa.

To apply for an H1-B visa, you will need to provide several types of documentation, including:

1. Passport: A valid passport that is valid for at least six months beyond your intended stay in the United States.
2. Educational and Professional Credentials: You will need to provide proof of your educational qualifications and any professional credentials or licenses that are required for the job you have been offered. This may include transcripts, diplomas, and certificates.
3. Offer Letter: Your employer will need to provide a job offer letter that details the terms and conditions of your employment, including your salary and job duties.
4. Labor Condition Application (LCA): Your employer must file an LCA with the US Department of Labor (DOL) to attest that they will pay you the prevailing wage for your job and provide you with working conditions that are similar to those of US workers.
5. Form I-129: Your employer will need to file Form I-129, Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker, with the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) on your behalf.
6. Fees: You will need to pay the applicable filing fees for the LCA and the H1-B petition.
7. Other Supporting Documents: You may also need to provide other supporting documents, such as proof of ties to your home country, proof of financial support, and evidence of any previous visits to the United States.

It’s important to note that the specific documentation required may vary depending on your individual circumstances and the requirements of your employer and the USCIS. It’s best to consult with an immigration lawyer or other relevant experts to ensure that you have all the necessary documentation and that it is prepared correctly.

The cost of an H1B visa can vary depending on a number of factors, including the employer’s size and location, the applicant’s qualifications, and any legal fees incurred in the application process. Here are some of the main costs associated with the H1B visa:

1. Filing Fees: As of September 2021, the standard H1B filing fee is $555. In addition, there is an additional $500 “fraud prevention and detection fee” that applies to new H1B petitions.
2. ACWIA Fee: The American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) fee applies to some H1B petitions and is used to fund job training programs. This fee ranges from $750 to $1,500 depending on the employer’s size and is payable by the employer.
3. Premium Processing Fee: If the employer wants to expedite the processing of the H1B petition, they can pay an additional $2,500 fee for premium processing. This fee guarantees that USCIS will process the petition within 15 calendar days.
4. Attorney Fees: Many employers choose to work with an immigration attorney to prepare and file the H1B petition. Attorney fees can range from a few thousand dollars to tens of thousands of dollars, depending on the complexity of the case and the attorney’s experience.

It’s important to note that these fees can change from year to year, and there may be additional fees or costs associated with the H1B visa depending on the circumstances. It’s best to consult with an immigration attorney or other relevant experts to get a more accurate estimate of the cost of an H1B visa.

The processing time for an H1B visa can vary depending on a number of factors, including the volume of applications being processed, the complexity of the case, and whether premium processing has been requested. Here are some general guidelines for the processing time of an H1B visa:

1. Regular Processing: As of September 2021, the USCIS processing time for a regular H1B visa can take anywhere from 3 to 9 months. However, processing times can vary depending on the USCIS workload and the complexity of the case.
2. Premium Processing: If the employer requests premium processing and pays the additional $2,500 fee, USCIS guarantees that the petition will be processed within 15 calendar days. However, it’s important to note that USCIS may issue a request for evidence (RFE) during this time, which can delay the processing time.
3. Consular Processing: If you are outside of the United States when your H1B petition is approved, you will need to go through consular processing to obtain your visa. The processing time for consular processing can vary depending on the workload of the US embassy or consulate where you are applying.

It’s important to note that processing times can change from year to year, and the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant delays in visa processing. It’s best to consult with an immigration attorney or other relevant experts to get a more accurate estimate of the processing time for an H1B visa based on your individual circumstances.

The documentation required for a Canadian Permanent Resident (PR) visa can vary depending on the specific immigration program you are applying under. However, here is a general list of the documents typically required:

1. Language Proficiency Test Results: You will need to provide results from an approved language test, such as the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) or the TEF (Test d’évaluation de français). These tests evaluate your ability to communicate in English or French, which are the official languages of Canada.
2. Education Credentials Assessment: You will need to provide an assessment of your educational credentials from a designated organization. This assessment determines if your foreign education is equivalent to Canadian standards.
3. Police Clearance Certificate: You will need to provide a police clearance certificate from every country or territory you have lived in for more than 6 months in the past 10 years.
4. Medical Examination: You will need to undergo a medical examination by an approved panel physician to demonstrate that you are in good health.
5. Proof of Funds: You will need to provide proof that you have enough money to support yourself and your family members, if applicable when you arrive in Canada. This can include bank statements, investment records, or a letter from your financial institution.
6. Work Experience Documents: If you are applying under a program that requires work experience, you will need to provide documentation of your past employment, such as reference letters from previous employers.
7. Passport and Photographs: You will need to provide a valid passport and recent passport-sized photographs.

It’s important to note that the documentation requirements can vary depending on the specific immigration program you are applying under. You should carefully review the requirements for the program you are interested in and seek advice from an immigration consultant or lawyer if needed.

The application process for Canadian Permanent Resident (PR) visa can vary depending on the specific immigration program you are applying under. However, here is a general overview of the application process:

1. Choose an Immigration Program: The first step is to choose an immigration program that you are eligible for and interested in. There are several immigration programs available, including the Federal Skilled Worker Program, the Canadian Experience Class, and the Provincial Nominee Program.
2. Submit an Expression of Interest (EOI): For some immigration programs, you will need to submit an Expression of Interest (EOI) to the relevant immigration authority. This is an online form that provides your personal and professional information and helps the authorities assess your eligibility for the program.
3. Receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA): If you are selected from the pool of candidates, you will receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for the immigration program. The ITA will outline the next steps in the application process, including the deadline to submit your application and the supporting documentation.
4. Submit Your Application and Supporting Documents: You will need to submit your completed application and all the required supporting documents. The documentation requirements can vary depending on the specific immigration program you are applying under, but typically include language proficiency test results, education credentials assessment, police clearance certificates, medical examination results, and proof of funds.
5. Wait for a Decision: After you submit your application, you will need to wait for the immigration authorities to process your application. The processing time can vary depending on the program and the number of applications being processed. You can check the current processing times on the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) website.
6. Attend an Interview (if required): In some cases, you may be required to attend an interview with a visa officer to discuss your application and supporting documentation.
7. Receive a Decision: Once your application has been processed, you will receive a decision from the immigration authorities. If your application is approved, you will receive a Confirmation of Permanent Residence (COPR) and a Permanent Resident (PR) visa.

It’s important to note that the application process can be complex and time-consuming, and the requirements and procedures can vary depending on the immigration program you are applying under. It’s recommended to seek advice from an immigration consultant or lawyer to help guide you through the process and increase your chances of success.

The cost for a Canadian Permanent Resident (PR) visa can vary depending on the specific immigration program you are applying under and the number of family members included in your application. Here are some of the typical fees associated with the application process:

1. Application Processing Fee: This fee is charged for processing your application and can vary depending on the immigration program you are applying under. For example, the processing fee for the Federal Skilled Worker Program is currently CAD $1,325 per person, while the processing fee for the Canadian Experience Class is CAD $825 per person.
2. Right of Permanent Residence Fee: This is a fee that must be paid by each applicant who is approved for permanent residence. The fee is currently CAD $500 per person.
3. Biometrics Fee: If you are required to provide biometric information (fingerprints and photo), you will need to pay a biometrics fee. The fee is currently CAD $85 per person, with a maximum fee of CAD $170 for families.
4. Language Proficiency Test Fee: You will need to pay a fee to take an approved language proficiency test, such as the IELTS or TEF. The fee can vary depending on the test and location but is typically around CAD $300-400.
5. Educational Credential Assessment Fee: You will need to pay a fee to have your educational credentials assessed by a designated organization. The fee can vary depending on the organization and the complexity of your credentials but is typically around CAD $300-400.

It’s important to note that these fees can change at any time and there may be additional fees or expenses related to your application, such as travel expenses or legal fees. You should carefully review the requirements and fees for the immigration program you are interested in and seek advice from an immigration consultant or lawyer if needed.

The processing time for a Canadian Permanent Resident (PR) visa can vary depending on the immigration program you are applying under and the specific details of your application, such as the completeness of your documentation and the complexity of your case. Here are some estimated processing times for some of the most popular immigration programs:

1. Express Entry: The Express Entry system is used to process applications for the Federal Skilled Worker Program, Canadian Experience Class, and Federal Skilled Trades Program. The processing time for Express Entry applications is typically around 6-8 months from the date of submission.
2. Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs): The processing time for PNPs can vary depending on the specific province and program you are applying under, but typically ranges from 6-12 months.
3. Family Sponsorship: The processing time for Family Sponsorship applications can also vary depending on the specific relationship and circumstances of the applicant and the sponsor. The processing time for a spouse or common-law partner sponsorship application is currently estimated to be around 12 months.

It’s important to note that these processing times are only estimates and can change at any time. Additionally, some applications may be processed faster or slower than the estimated time depending on various factors. You should carefully review the processing times for the immigration program you are interested in and plan accordingly.

The cost of living can vary significantly depending on the specific city and region within the US or Canada, but here are some general comparisons between the two countries:

1. Housing: Housing is typically one of the largest expenses for most people. In general, housing costs tend to be higher in the US compared to Canada, especially in major cities like New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. However, there are also many more affordable options available in the US, especially in smaller cities and rural areas. In Canada, cities like Toronto and Vancouver have very high housing costs, but smaller cities and towns are generally more affordable.
2. Healthcare: Healthcare costs are typically lower in Canada compared to the US due to the fact that Canada has a universal healthcare system. In the US, healthcare costs can be very high, especially if you do not have health insurance through your employer.
3. Education: Education costs can also vary depending on the specific program and institution, but in general, tuition fees tend to be lower in Canada compared to the US. Additionally, many Canadian universities offer government-funded scholarships and grants to help students cover the cost of tuition and living expenses.
4. Food and Entertainment: Food and entertainment costs can also vary depending on the specific city and region, but in general, food and dining tend to be more expensive in the US compared to Canada. However, entertainment options may be more abundant in the US, especially in larger cities.

Overall, the cost of living can be lower in Canada compared to the US, especially when it comes to healthcare and education. However, there are also many affordable options available in the US, especially in smaller cities and rural areas. It’s important to carefully research the specific costs and options for the city or region you are interested in living in.

Both Canada and the US offer a wide range of job opportunities across various industries, but there are some differences to consider:

1. Industry Focus: The US has a larger overall economy and a wider range of industries compared to Canada, with a particular focus on technology, finance, healthcare, and entertainment. Canada’s economy is more heavily focused on natural resources, such as oil and gas, mining, and forestry, but also has a growing technology sector.
2. Immigration Policies: Both countries have immigration policies that aim to attract highly skilled workers, but the specific programs and requirements can vary. The H-1B visa program in the US is a popular option for skilled workers in the technology and engineering industries, while Canada has various programs under the Express Entry system that prioritize skilled workers in fields like healthcare, engineering, and information technology.
3. Salary: In general, salaries for skilled workers in both countries can be relatively high, but can vary depending on the specific industry and region. Salaries in the US tend to be slightly higher on average, but the cost of living is also higher, especially in major cities like San Francisco and New York.
4. Job Market: The job market can also vary depending on the specific industry and region. The US job market is generally larger and more competitive, but also offers more opportunities for advancement and higher salaries. The Canadian job market is generally considered to be more stable and offers a better work-life balance, with more government protections for workers.

Overall, both countries offer a wide range of job opportunities for skilled workers, but the specific industries, immigration policies, and job markets can vary. It’s important to carefully research the job opportunities in the specific industry and region you are interested in before making a decision.

The average work hours in Canada and the US can vary depending on the industry, company, and specific job. Here are some general comparisons:

1. Canada: The standard workweek in Canada is typically 40 hours, with most full-time jobs requiring 35-40 hours per week. However, many jobs also offer flexible schedules or alternative work arrangements, such as telecommuting, part-time work, or job sharing. Overtime pay is usually required for work beyond 44 hours per week.
2. United States: The standard workweek in the US is also typically 40 hours, but many jobs may require longer hours, especially in certain industries such as finance, law, and healthcare. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) requires employers to pay overtime pay of at least 1.5 times the regular rate of pay for any hours worked over 40 in a workweek.

It’s important to note that these are general averages and specific work hours can vary depending on the industry, company, and job. Additionally, some states and provinces may have different labor laws and regulations that affect work hours and overtime pay. It’s important to research the specific laws and regulations that apply to your job and location.

Both Canada and the US have healthcare systems that provide coverage for citizens and residents, but the systems differ in some key ways:

1. Healthcare Coverage: In Canada, healthcare coverage is publicly funded and universal, meaning that all residents have access to medically necessary services without paying out-of-pocket fees. In the US, healthcare coverage is provided through a combination of private insurance plans and public programs like Medicare and Medicaid. Not all residents have access to coverage, and those who do often pay out-of-pocket fees, co-pays, and deductibles.
2. Costs: Healthcare costs in Canada are generally lower than in the US, both for individuals and for the overall healthcare system. This is due in part to the lower administrative costs of a publicly funded system and the ability of the government to negotiate lower prices for medical services and pharmaceuticals.
3. Wait Times: One of the trade-offs of universal healthcare in Canada is that wait times for non-emergency medical services can be longer than in the US, particularly for specialist care. In the US, wait times can also be long for certain services, particularly for those without insurance or with limited coverage.
4. Quality of Care: Both Canada and the US have high-quality medical care, but there can be differences in the availability of certain medical technologies and procedures, particularly in rural areas or for rare conditions.

It’s important to research and understand the healthcare system and coverage available in the specific location and circumstances you are considering, as the systems can vary by province or state, and by individual insurance plans.

The cost of education in Canada and the US can vary significantly depending on the level of education, the institution, and the program. Here are some general comparisons:

1. College/University Tuition: In general, tuition fees for college and university programs are lower in Canada than in the US. The average undergraduate tuition in Canada for the 2021-2022 academic year is around CAD$7,000 to CAD$20,000 per year, depending on the program and institution. In contrast, the average tuition for a four-year undergraduate program in the US is around $10,560 to $37,650 per year for in-state students at public universities and $27,020 to $54,880 per year for out-of-state students at public universities and private institutions.
2. Graduate School Tuition: Graduate programs in both countries can be more expensive than undergraduate programs. However, graduate tuition fees are often lower in Canada than in the US. The average tuition fees for graduate programs in Canada for the 2021-2022 academic year range from CAD$6,500 to CAD$25,000 per year, depending on the program and institution. In the US, the average graduate tuition fees for a two-year program range from $20,000 to $70,000 per year.
3. Financial Aid and Scholarships: Both countries offer financial aid and scholarships to help offset the cost of education. In Canada, government-funded programs like the Canada Student Loans Program and provincial/territorial student aid programs are available to students. In the US, federal student loans, grants, and work-study programs are available, as well as private loans and scholarships.

It’s important to research and understands the specific costs and financial aid options available for the program and institution you are considering, as these can vary significantly. Additionally, it’s important to consider the cost of living and other expenses associated with attending school, such as books, transportation, and housing.

Benefits of the US H1B Visa:

1. Work and Live in the US: The H1B visa allows foreign workers to live and work in the US for up to six years. This can provide opportunities to gain valuable work experience, advance in one’s career, and explore life in the US.
2. Pathway to Permanent Residence: The H1B visa is a popular pathway to permanent residency in the US. After working on an H1B visa for a certain period of time, foreign workers may be eligible to apply for permanent residence through employment-based immigration.
3. Family Members Can Join: H1B visa holders can bring their spouse and children under the age of 21 to live with them in the US on an H4 dependent visa.
4. Competitive Salary: H1B visa holders are often offered competitive salaries and benefits by US employers. This can be a significant advantage for foreign workers looking to advance their careers and earn a higher income.
5. Education Opportunities: H1B visa holders can enroll in education programs in the US and attend colleges and universities. This can provide opportunities to gain new skills and qualifications and advance in one’s career.

Benefits of Canadian Permanent Residency:

1. Live and Work in Canada: Canadian permanent residents can live and work in Canada indefinitely and are eligible to apply for citizenship after a certain period of time.
2. Access to Public Services: Permanent residents in Canada have access to a range of public services, including healthcare, education, and social services.
3. Freedom of Movement: Permanent residents can travel freely within Canada and can leave and re-enter the country without the need for a visa.
4. Eligibility for Canadian Citizenship: After a certain period of time, permanent residents can apply for Canadian citizenship. This provides the ability to vote and hold a Canadian passport.
5. Family Sponsorship: Permanent residents in Canada can sponsor their eligible family members, including spouses, children, parents, and grandparents, for permanent residency in Canada. This can provide opportunities to reunite with family members and build a life together in Canada.

Limitations of the H1B Visa:

1. Limited Duration: The H1B visa is a temporary visa, valid for up to six years. After this time, the visa holder must either apply for an extension or leave the country.
2. Employer Dependency: H1B visa holders are tied to their sponsoring employer, meaning they cannot change jobs without first finding a new employer to sponsor them for a new visa. This can make it difficult to switch careers or seek out new job opportunities.
3. Lottery System: Each year, the number of H1B visas available is capped, and a lottery system is used to select which applications will be approved. This can make it difficult for qualified applicants to obtain an H1B visa.

Limitations of Canadian Permanent Residency:

1. Qualification Criteria: The Canadian permanent residency process can be competitive and requires meeting certain qualification criteria, such as education, work experience, and language proficiency. Not everyone who applies will be successful in obtaining permanent residency.
2. Processing Time: The processing time for Canadian permanent residency applications can be lengthy, ranging from several months to several years.
3. Residency Obligations: Permanent residents in Canada must meet residency obligations in order to maintain their status. This includes spending at least two out of every five years in Canada.
4. Limited Social Benefits: Permanent residents in Canada do not have access to all social benefits that Canadian citizens do, such as the ability to vote or run for political office.
5. Limited Job Opportunities: While Canada has a strong job market, certain industries or regions may have limited job opportunities for new immigrants. This can make it difficult for some permanent residents to find employment in their desired fields.